TOEFL

TOEFL · Social Sciences & Economy · Beginner

English · 100 cards

Common Social Sciences & Economy vocabulary for the TOEFL, with example sentences.

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money

n. what people use to buy things

She saved money to buy a bike.
job

n. the work a person does for pay

He found a new job in the city.
work

n. activity done to earn a living

She enjoys her work at the school.
price

n. the amount of money for something

The price of bread went up.
buy

v. to get something by paying money

They want to buy a house.
sell

v. to give something for money

The shop sells fresh fruit.
trade

n. the buying and selling of goods

Trade between the two towns grew.
market

n. a place where things are bought and sold

We bought vegetables at the market.
business

n. an activity of making and selling things

He started a small business.
company

n. a group that makes or sells things

She works for a big company.
customer

n. a person who buys goods or services

The customer paid with cash.
product

n. something made to be sold

This product is very popular.
service

n. work done for other people

The hotel offers great service.
worker

n. a person who does a job

The workers built the bridge.
factory

n. a building where goods are made

Cars are made in the factory.
income

n. money a person earns

His income comes from teaching.
profit

n. money gained after costs

The shop made a good profit.
save

v. to keep money for later

They save money every month.
spend

v. to use money to buy things

She spends a lot on books.
cost

n. the price needed to buy or do something

The cost of the trip was high.
pay

v. to give money for something

He paid for dinner.
bank

n. a place that keeps and lends money

She put her savings in the bank.
tax

n. money paid to the government

Everyone must pay tax.
society

n. a large group of people living together

Schools are important to society.
community

n. a group of people in one area

The community held a festival.
culture

n. the way of life of a group

Food is part of every culture.
family

n. parents and their children

Her family lives in the country.
people

n. human beings in general

Many people came to the event.
group

n. a number of people together

The group studied together.
leader

n. a person who guides others

A good leader listens to people.
government

n. the people who rule a country

The government built new roads.
country

n. a nation with its own land

Japan is an island country.
nation

n. a large group with one government

The nation celebrated its history.
city

n. a large town

Many people move to the city.
law

n. a rule made by the government

Breaking the law has consequences.
rule

n. a statement of what is allowed

Students must follow the rules.
right

n. something a person is allowed to have

Everyone has the right to vote.
vote

v. to choose by ballot in an election

Citizens vote for their leaders.
election

n. the act of choosing leaders by vote

The election was held last week.
citizen

n. a member of a country

Every citizen has duties.
behavior

n. the way a person acts

Kind behavior helps everyone.
emotion

n. a strong feeling

Fear is a common emotion.
feeling

n. an emotional state

She had a happy feeling.
mind

n. the part of a person that thinks

He kept his mind on the task.
memory

n. the ability to remember

She has a good memory for names.
attitude

n. a way of thinking about something

He has a positive attitude.
opinion

n. what a person thinks about something

Everyone shared their opinion.
belief

n. something a person thinks is true

Their belief gives them hope.
choice

n. the act of choosing

She made a wise choice.
decision

n. a choice that a person makes

He made an important decision.
goal

n. something a person wants to achieve

Her goal is to help others.
need

n. something necessary to have

Food is a basic need.
problem

n. a difficult situation to solve

They solved the problem together.
solution

n. an answer to a problem

We found a good solution.
change

n. the act of becoming different

Society goes through change.
help

v. to make things easier for someone

Volunteers help the poor.
share

v. to give a part to others

They share the work fairly.
support

v. to help or encourage someone

Parents support their children.
agree

v. to have the same opinion

The members agree on the plan.
respect

v. to admire and value someone

Students respect their teacher.
trust

v. to believe someone is honest

People trust their friends.
care

v. to feel concern for someone

She cares about her neighbors.
learn

v. to gain new knowledge

Children learn from experience.
teach

v. to give knowledge to others

She teaches young children.
study

v. to learn about a subject

They study human behavior.
research

n. careful study to find facts

His research focused on cities.
survey

n. a set of questions to gather data

They did a survey of voters.
data

n. facts and figures collected

The data showed a clear trend.
result

n. what is produced by an action

The result surprised everyone.
number

n. a quantity expressed in figures

The number of students grew.
population

n. the number of people in a place

The city has a large population.
poor

adj. having little money

The program helps poor families.
rich

adj. having a lot of money

Some rich people give to charity.
free

adj. not costing money or controlled

The library offers free books.
public

adj. open to all people

The park is a public space.
private

adj. belonging to one person or group

This is a private meeting.
common

adj. happening often or shared by many

Bikes are a common sight here.
modern

adj. belonging to the present time

Modern life is fast and busy.
social

adj. relating to people and society

Humans are social beings.
local

adj. relating to a particular area

The local shops are busy.
global

adj. relating to the whole world

Trade is now a global activity.
important

adj. having great value or meaning

Education is very important.
develop

v. to grow or improve

Cities develop over time.
grow

v. to increase in size or amount

The economy continues to grow.
build

v. to make something by joining parts

They build homes for the poor.
create

v. to make something new

New laws create new rules.
manage

v. to be in charge of something

She manages a small team.
plan

v. to decide what to do in advance

The city plans new schools.
control

v. to have power over something

The law controls how we drive.
follow

v. to act according to a rule

Drivers follow the traffic rules.
join

v. to become a member of a group

She joined the club last year.
report

n. a written account of facts

He wrote a report on poverty.
example

n. a thing used to show a point

She gave a clear example.
reason

n. the cause of something

There was a good reason for it.
effect

n. a result of an action

The new law had a big effect.
benefit

n. a helpful or good result

Exercise has many benefits.
value

n. the worth or importance of something

Honesty has great value.
power

n. the ability to control or act

The leader has great power.
freedom

n. the state of being free

People value their freedom.
teamwork

n. the work done by a group together

Good teamwork solved the problem.

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